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| NEB Class 12 Biology Curriculum 2080 |
NEB Class 12 Biology Curriculum
12 science NEB Curriculum Biology
NEB New Curriculum
Updated on: Jan 20,
2024
Biology (Bio. 302)
Syllabus
Full marks: 75 (Pass marks: 24)
Course Contents:
Part A: Botany
Unit 1: Plant anatomy
1.
Plant anatomy
·
Concept of tissues,
types of plant tissues (meristems and permanent tissues), Anatomy of dicot and
monocot root, stem and leaf Secondary growth of dicot stem.
Unit 2: Plant physiology
1.
Water relation
·
Introduction and
significance of - diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis, ascent of sap,
transpiration and guttation.
2. Photosynthesis
·
Introduction and
significance of photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments, mechanism of
photosynthesis (photochemical phase and Calvin-Benson cycle), C3 and C4 plants,
photorespiration, factorsaffecting photosynthesis.
3. Respiration
·
Introduction and
significance of respiration, types of respiration, mechanism of respiration
(glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport system), factors affecting
respiration.
4. Plant hormones
·
Introduction,
physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins and Cytokinins.
5. Plant growth and movement
·
Concept on seed
germination, dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalization, senescence; plant
movements (tropic and nastic).
Unit 3: Genetics
1.
Genetic Materials
·
Introduction to
genetics and genetic materials, composition, structure and function of DNA and
RNA, DNA replication, introduction of genetic code.
2. Mendelian genetics
·
General terminology,
Mendel’s experiment and laws of inheritance, gene interactions (incomplete
dominance, co- dominance).
3. Linkage and crossing over
·
Concept and types of
linkage (complete and incomplete), sex-linked inheritance (colour blindness in
man and eye colour of Drosophila), concept and significances of crossing over.
4. Mutation and polyploidy
·
Concept, type (gene
and chromosomal mutation), importance of mutation (positive and negative),
polyploidy (origin and significance).
Unit 4: Embryology
1.
Embryology
·
Asexual and sexual
reproductions in angiosperms, pollination, fertilization, development of male
and female gametophytes, development of dicot and monocot embryos, concept of
endosperm
Unit 5: Biotechnology
1.
Biotechnology
·
Introduction, tissue
culture, plant breeding, disease resistance plants, green manure and bio-
fertilizer, bio-pesticide, genetic engineering and GMOs (genetically modified
organisms) and application, bio- engineering, food safety and food security.
Part B: Zoology
Unit 6: Animal tissues
1.
Animal Tissues
·
Introduction; Types of
animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous (structure,
functions & location of different sub-types).
Unit 7: Development biology
1.
Gametogenesis
·
Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis.
2.
Development of frog
·
Fertilization &
its effects, cleavage, morulation, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis –
formation of notochord, nerve cord & coelom.
Unit 8: Human biology:
1.
Digestive system
·
Alimentary canal and
digestive glands, physiology of digestion.
2. Respiratory System
·
Respiratory organs,
respiratory mechanism - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of
respiration.
3. Circulatory System
·
Double circulation
(concept), heart (structure and working mechanism), origin and conduction of
heart beat, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, arterial and venous systems (major
arteries and veins), blood grouping, blood pressure.
4.
Excretory System
·
Concept of modes of
excretion (ammonotelism, ureotelism, Excretory mechanism
formation.uricotelism), organs, of urine
5.
Nervous system
·
Types of nervous
system (central, peripheral & autonomous), structure and function of brain,
Origin and conduction of nerve impulse.
6.
Sense organs
·
Structure and
functions of eye and ear.
7.
Endocrinology
·
Endocrine glands and
hormones – structure & functions of hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal,
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; hypo- and hyper-activity and
related disorders.
8.
Reproductive System
·
Male and female
reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle.
Unit 9: Human population and health
disorders
1.
Human Population
·
Growth problem and
control strategies, Concept of demographic cycle.
2.
Health disorders
·
Concept of
cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders; Substance abuse: Drug,
alcohol and smoking abuse.
Unit 10: Applied biology
1.
Application of Zoology
·
Tissue and organs
transplantation, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), amniocentesis, concept of
genetically modified organisms (transgenic animals). Poultry farming and fish
farming.
2.
Microbial diseases and
application of microbiology
· Risk and hazard group of microorganisms. Introduction, causative agents, symptoms, prevention and control measures of selected human diseases: Typhoid, Tuberculosis and HIV infection, Cholera influenza, Hepatitis candidiasis. Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines. Application of microorganisms in dairy and beverage industries, microbial contamination of water, sewage and drinking water treatment, bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers.
